Place chicken in the Instant Pot. Add garlic, Italian seasoning, salt, and pepper. Pour in chicken broth and stir gently.
Place pasta on top of the chicken. Press gently so most of it touches the liquid. Do not stir too much.
Close lid and set valve to sealing. Cook on high pressure for 6 minutes.
Carefully do a quick release. Open lid and stir. Sauce may look thin and watery, this is normal.
Turn Instant Pot to sauté on low. Add butter, heavy cream, and Parmesan cheese. Stir slowly until sauce thickens and coats the pasta.
Taste and adjust seasoning if needed. Sprinkle with parsley or extra cheese if desired. Serve warm.